「窓が割れた家」のように、名詞の持ち物を説明するのが whose です: a house whose windows were broken。意外なことに、whose は人だけでなくモノにも使えます。硬く感じるときは with で言い換えも可能(a house with broken windows)。所有の接着を1語で済ませる、便利な専門職です。
To describe something by its possession — "the house whose windows were broken" — English uses whose: a house whose windows were broken. Surprisingly, whose works for things as well as people. When it feels stiff, a with-phrase substitutes: a house with broken windows. One word, and the ownership is glued.
his / its の席に座る接着剤
Glue in the Seat of His and Its
接着の仕組みは関係代名詞と同じで、置き換える相手が所有格なだけです: I met a writer. + Her novel won a prize. → I met a writer whose novel won a prize.(小説が賞を取った作家に会った)。whose の直後には必ず持ち物の名詞が続く——whose novel、whose windows。この「whose +名詞」をワンセットで動かすのが操作のコツです。
The gluing works like any relative, except that the pronoun being replaced is a possessive: I met a writer. + Her novel won a prize. → I met a writer whose novel won a prize. Whose always tows the possessed noun right behind it: whose novel, whose windows. Move "whose + noun" as one unit and the mechanics stay smooth.
人にも、モノにもFor people — and things
She's theなぜ the なのか【後ろの修飾で一つに決まる】of 句・関係詞・前置詞句などが後ろから限定していて、どれかが一つに決まるから the。 author whose books sold aなぜ a なのか【「一つの」という数】数が一つであることに意味がある場合の a。one とほぼ同じはたらき。 million copies.
彼女は著書が100万部売れた作家だ。
人の持ち物(著書)を説明。A person's possession — the books.
We stayed at aなぜ a なのか【初めて出す一つ】聞き手がまだ知らないものを初めて話に出すから a。次に同じものを指すときは the に変わる。 hotel whose rooftop overlooks theなぜ the なのか【その場で一つに決まる】話し手と聞き手のいる状況で、どれを指すか一つに決まるから the。日本語なら「（例の）」「うちの」を補って読むと感覚が近い。 bay.
屋上から湾を見渡せるホテルに泊まった。
モノ(ホテル)にも whose が使える。Whose serves things too — the hotel.
I have aなぜ a なのか【初めて出す一つ】聞き手がまだ知らないものを初めて話に出すから a。次に同じものを指すときは the に変わる。 friend whose parents run aなぜ a なのか【初めて出す一つ】聞き手がまだ知らないものを初めて話に出すから a。次に同じものを指すときは the に変わる。 ryokan.
両親が旅館を営んでいる友達がいる。
家族関係の説明にも定番。Family facts ride this frame constantly.
whose(1語で接着)
書き言葉でも会話でも使える正攻法。The straight route — fine in writing and speech.
a company whose products are everywhere
製品がどこにでもある会社
with 言い換え(軽い)
モノの外見・特徴なら with 句が身軽。For visible features of things, a with-phrase travels lighter.
a house with a red roof
赤い屋根の家
よくある間違い / Common Mistake
×I met a designer who his work is famous in Europe.
作品がヨーロッパで有名なデザイナーに会った。(のつもりで)
○I met a designer whose work is famous in Europe.
作品がヨーロッパで有名なデザイナーに会った。
who + his と2語に分けるのは、所有格の置き換えが1語で済むことを知らないときの典型形です。his の席ごと whose が引き受ける——who his → whose の圧縮を体に入れてください。関係節に古い代名詞を残さない原則(関係代名詞の基本の項)の、所有格バージョンです。
Splitting into who + his is the classic move of not knowing the possessive swaps in one word. Whose absorbs the his seat entirely — compress who his into whose. It's the possessive edition of the don't-leave-the-old-pronoun rule.
Whose turn is it?誰の番?疑問の whose の最頻出。ゲーム・家事の現場標準。Question whose at its busiest — games and chores.
a friend whose ...〜な友達人物紹介の定番枠。家族・仕事・持ち物の説明に。The introduction frame — family, jobs, possessions.
with a ... roof / with ... windows〜の屋根の/〜の窓のモノの外見は with 言い換えが軽い。道案内・物件紹介に。Visible features travel light on with — directions and listings.
no matter whose ...誰の〜であろうと所有を問わない譲歩の型。no matter whose fault it is(誰のせいであれ)。Ownership-blind concession: no matter whose fault it is.
まとめ / Summary
whose =所有格(his / her / its)の置き換え接着剤。Whose swaps in for his, her, its — possessive glue.
人にもモノにも使える。It serves people and things alike.
whose +名詞をワンセットで動かす。Move whose + noun as one unit.
モノの外見は with 言い換えが軽い(a house with a red roof)。Visible features often ride lighter on with.