冠詞 Articles
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a と one の違い A or One? -
a と the の使い分け A or The? - a coffee はなぜOK? A Coffee? But Coffee Is Uncountable…
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固有名詞に the が付くとき Names That Take The (and Names That Don't) -
初登場なのに the を使うとき When The Needs No Introduction -
「犬というもの」の言い方(総称) Talking About Dogs in General -
見出し・掲示で冠詞が消える Why Headlines Drop Their Articles -
最上級に the が付く理由 Why Superlatives Take The -
the + 形容詞で「〜な人々」 The Rich, the Poor, the Young -
冠詞を付けないとき(無冠詞) When There's No Article at All
時制・相 Tense & Aspect
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直前の未来(be about to / be due to) Just About to Happen -
未来進行形(Will you be -ing? の丁寧さ) Will You Be Coming? -
過去から見た未来(was going to / would) The Future Seen From the Past -
未来完了(その時までに終わっている) Done by Then -
物語・あらすじの現在形 Telling It in the Present -
just / already / yet / still と時制 Just, Already, Yet, Still -
過去完了はいつ必要? When Do You Actually Need Had Done? -
過去完了進行形(その時点までの経過) How Long It Had Been Going On -
過去形と過去進行形(出来事と背景) The Event and the Backdrop -
現在進行形で未来を言う I'm Meeting Him Tomorrow -
現在完了の米英差(Did you eat yet?) Have You Eaten, or Did You Eat -
ずっと〜している(継続の現在完了) Talking About How Long -
〜したことがある(経験の現在完了) Have You Ever…? The Perfect of Experience -
現在完了と過去形の違い Present Perfect or Simple Past? -
現在形と現在進行形(いつもと、今この時期) Always True, or True Right Now -
進行形にしない動詞と、してよくなる場合 Verbs That Don't Take -ing (Until They Do) -
時制と相の地図(立ち位置×見え方) The Map: Where You Stand, How You Look -
if・when の中はなぜ現在形? Why If and When Refuse Will -
used to と would(昔の習慣) Used To and Would: Old Habits -
will と be going to の違い Will or Be Going To?
前置詞 Prepositions
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話題の about と on(まわりを回るか、上に載るか) About Circles It, On Sits On It -
形容詞ごとに決まる前置詞 Which Preposition the Adjective Wants -
at の核心(狙いを定めて一点を指す) At: Taking Aim at a Point -
between と among(個別に見るか、埋もれさせるか) Between Picks Them Out, Among Blurs Them -
by の核心(そばにある → 手段・行為者) By: Right Beside It - by と until(〜までに/〜まで) By or Until? Deadlines vs. Duration
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during と while(〜の間) During or While? -
for と since の使い分け For or Since? -
from と of(出どころと、中身) From Is the Sender, Of Is the Subject -
場所の in / on / at In, On, At: Marking Place -
時間の in / on / at In, On, At: Telling Time -
in と into(中に/中へ) In or Into? Being There vs. Getting There -
of の核心(全体から切り出したかけら) Of: A Piece Cut From the Whole -
off の核心(接触から離れる) Off: Breaking Contact -
out of の核心(容器から出る) Out Of: Leaving the Container -
over・through・across(越える・抜ける・横切る) Over, Through, Across: Three Ways Past - to と for(〜に/〜のために) To or For? Who Gets It, and How
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up と down(方向から、完了と鎮静へ) Up Finishes It, Down Settles It -
動詞ごとに決まる前置詞(と、要らない動詞) Which Preposition the Verb Wants -
with の核心(手に持っている絵) With: Something in Your Hand
助動詞 Modal Verbs
- be supposed to(〜することになっている) Be Supposed To: What's Meant to Happen
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can と be able to の違い Can and Be Able To: The Stand-In Rule -
could と was able to(過去の「できた」) Could vs. Was Able To: Two Kinds of "Could" - may と might(かもしれない) May or Might? Guessing Out Loud
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確信の must be / can't be Must Be, Can't Be: The Logic Modals -
mustn't と don't have to(禁止と不要) Mustn't vs. Don't Have To: Forbidden, or Just Optional? -
must と have to の違い Must or Have To? -
許可の Can I / May I Can I or May I? Asking Permission -
依頼の Can you / Could you / Would you Can You, Could You, Would You: The Politeness Ladder -
shall はいつ使う? Whatever Happened to Shall? - should have done(〜すべきだった) Should Have: The Grammar of Regret
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should と had better(忠告の強さ) Should vs. Had Better: Advice with Teeth -
なぜ would は丁寧なのか Why Would Sounds Polite - would like と want Would Like: Want in a Suit
名詞と数 Nouns & Number
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all・every・each の違い All, Every, Each -
family は単数? 複数?(集合名詞) Is the Family Singular or Plural? -
数えられる名詞・数えられない名詞 Countable and Uncountable: The Outline Test -
everyone はなぜ単数? Why Everyone Takes Is -
few と little(a の有無で明暗) Few, A Few, Little, A Little -
information 型の名詞(数えたいのに数えられない) Information and Friends: The Uncountable Regulars -
不規則な複数形(children・feet・data) Irregular Plurals: Children, Feet, Data - much・many・a lot of(たくさんの) Much, Many, A Lot Of
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pants はなぜ複数形? Why Pants Are Plural - some と any Some or Any?
代名詞 Pronouns
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助動詞を残して後ろを落とす(Yes, I do. / I'd love to.) Yes, I Do: Ellipsis After Auxiliaries -
do so / do it / do that の使い分け Do So, Do It, Do That -
意味のない it(天気・時間・仮主語) The Empty It: Weather, Time, and Placeholders -
一般論の you と they(「人は」の言い方) Generic You and They: Talking About People in General - 「それ」の it と that It or That? Pointing in Conversation
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its と it's(アポストロフィの罠) Its or It's? The Apostrophe Trap -
mine と my(所有代名詞) Mine and My: Owning With and Without the Noun -
one と it(同じ種類の1つ/その物) One or It? A New One, or the Thing Itself -
myself の使いどころ(再帰代名詞) Myself and Friends: When Actions Bounce Back -
単数の they Singular They -
I think so. の so(節のかわりをする so と not) I Think So: One Word for a Whole Clause - something・anything・nothing Something, Anything, Nothing
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There is と It is の使い分け There Is or It Is? Introducing vs. Describing
形容詞・副詞 Adjectives & Adverbs
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形容詞の並び順 Adjective Order: Why It's a Nice Old Wooden Box -
look good の文法(動詞の後の形容詞) You Look Happy: Adjectives After Verbs - already・yet・still(もう/まだ) Already, Yet, Still
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enough の位置 Enough and Its Odd Address -
fast に -ly が付かない理由(同形の副詞) Why There's No "Fastly": Flat Adverbs - good と well Good or Well?
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hardly・lately・nearly(-ly で別の単語になる組) Hardly, Lately, Nearly: When -ly Changes Everything -
pretty・quite・rather(程度の副詞と米英差) Pretty, Quite, Rather: The Degree Minefield - so と such So or Such?
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too の「〜すぎる」(so との違い) Too: When More Is a Problem
比較 Comparison
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as ... as(同じくらい) As … As: The Equality Frame -
比較級の基本(-er と more) Comparatives: -er, More, and Than -
latest と last(最新/最後) Latest or Last? - less と fewer Less or Fewer?
- more and more(ますます) More and More: The Grammar of Momentum
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比較級の強め方(much better) Much Better: Turning Up a Comparative -
prefer A to B(比較の to) Prefer A to B: The Odd One Out - than me か than I か Taller Than Me, or Than I?
- The more, the better(〜するほど…) The More, the Better
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倍数の言い方(twice as big) Twice as Big: Talking in Multiples
不定詞・動名詞 Infinitives & Gerunds
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形容詞+ to do(happy to help) Happy to Help: Adjective + To -
主語になる -ing(Swimming is fun.) Swimming Is Fun: The -ing Subject -
like・love・hate(どちらも取れる組) Like, Love, Hate: The Flexible Three -
make・let・have(to なしの使役) Make, Let, Have: The Bare-Infinitive Bosses -
前置詞の後は -ing(look forward to の罠) After a Preposition, Always -ing -
目的の to(〜するために) The Purpose To: In Order to Get Things Done -
remember・forget・regret(記憶の前後) Remember, Forget, Regret: Before and After - stop to do と stop doing Stop to Do vs. Stop Doing
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to do と doing の使い分け(核心の理屈) To Do or Doing? The One Idea That Sorts Them - try to do と try doing Try to Do vs. Try Doing
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-ing 専門の動詞たち(enjoy・finish・suggest) The -ing-Only Verbs: Enjoy, Finish, Suggest -
to do 専門の動詞たち(want・decide・promise) The To-Only Verbs: Want, Decide, Promise
分詞 Participles
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懸垂分詞(主語がずれる事故) Dangling Participles: When the Subject Slips - have my hair cut(〜してもらう・される) Have It Done: Services and Mishaps
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boring と bored(-ing と -ed の形容詞) Boring or Bored? The -ing/-ed Split -
interested in・excited about(-ed 形容詞の前置詞) Interested In, Excited About: The -ed + Preposition Sets -
名詞の前の分詞(a sleeping baby / a broken window) A Sleeping Baby, a Broken Window -
分詞構文の基本 Participle Clauses: The Compressed Sentence -
see him cross と see him crossing(知覚動詞) See Him Cross vs. See Him Crossing -
with his eyes closed(付帯状況の with) With His Eyes Closed: The With of Circumstance
受動態 The Passive
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受動態の使いすぎ問題(英語は能動が好き) Easy on the Passive: English Prefers Active -
be born の仲間たち(日本語と態がずれる動詞) Born, Delayed, Injured: Where Japanese and English Swap Voices -
get の受動態(get fired・get hurt) The Get-Passive: Getting Fired, Getting Hurt -
happen は受動にできない(自動詞の壁) Why "Was Happened" Doesn't Exist -
It is said that ...(伝聞の受動態) It Is Said That …: The Passive of Hearsay -
受動態の基本(いつ使う? by は要る?) The Passive: When to Use It, and Where By Went -
is being built と has been done(受動態の進行・完了) Is Being Built, Has Been Done: Passive Meets Tense -
I was given a present(もらう側が主語) I Was Given a Present: Receivers as Subjects
関係詞 Relative Clauses
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コンマの有無で意味が変わる(制限と非制限) The Comma That Changes Everything -
前の文まるごとを受ける which The Which That Takes the Whole Sentence -
関係代名詞の省略(the book I read) The Book I Read: Dropping the Relative -
前置詞の置き場(the house I live in) The House I Live In: Where the Preposition Goes -
関係代名詞の基本(who・which・that) Relative Clauses: Gluing Two Sentences into One -
関係詞の what(What I need is ...) The Relative What: What I Need Is … -
関係副詞 where と when Where and When: Relatives of Place and Time -
which と that の使い分け Which or That? -
whom はいつ使う?(会話ではほぼ使わない) Whom: The Word You Rarely Need -
whose(所有の関係詞) Whose: The Possessive Glue
仮定法 Conditionals & Subjunctive
- as if / as though(まるで〜のように) As If: Talking About How Things Seem
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if を使わない仮定 Conditionals Without If -
I wish の使い方 I Wish: Wanting What Isn't -
if I had done(過去への if) If I Had Known: The Unreal Past -
if I were(仮定法過去) If I Were You: The Unreal Present -
if と in case の違い If or In Case? Backup-Plan Grammar -
時制ミックスの if(あの時→今) Mixed Conditionals: Then and Now in One Sentence -
if の2つの顔(現実の if と仮定の if) The Two Faces of If
接続詞 Conjunctions
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although と but は重ねられない One Joint, One Connector -
否定文では and が or になる Negatives Turn And into Or -
理由の3語(because / since / as) Three Words for Because -
both / either / neither(2つセットの接続詞) Words That Come in Pairs -
つなぐ部品は3種類(プラグの形) Three Plugs, Three Sockets -
despite の後ろは名詞、although の後ろは文 Despite Takes a Noun, Although Takes a Clause -
however はコンマでつなげない(接続副詞) However Can't Hold Two Sentences Together -
if と when(起こるか未定か、起こる前提か) If It Might Happen, When It Will -
not only A but also B(文頭に出すと倒置) Not Only That, But It Flips the Verb -
結果の so と目的の so that So for Results, So That for Aims -
unless が使えない場面 Where Unless Won't Go -
while の3つの顔 The Three Faces of While
疑問文 Questions
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埋め込むと語順が戻る(丁寧な聞き方) Embed a Question and It Unflips -
否定疑問文への Yes / No は日本語と逆 Answering a Negative Question -
疑問文での前置詞の置き場 Where the Preposition Goes -
疑問文は語順をひっくり返す(do は助っ人) Questions Flip the Order -
平叙文のまま上げる疑問(You're leaving?) Asking Without Flipping Anything -
主語を尋ねるときは倒置しない When the Question Word Is the Subject -
付加疑問(…, isn't it?)の作り方と上げ下げ Tag Questions, and Which Way You Say Them -
疑問詞のある疑問文(「どう思う?」は what) Wh- Questions, and the What/How Trap
否定 Negation
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二重否定(標準英語では避ける) Two Negatives, One Clause - hardly / scarcely / barely(ほとんど〜ない) Hardly Is Not the Adverb of Hard
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「来ないと思う」は I don't think … English Moves the Not Forward - もう〜ない(no longer / not anymore) Not Anymore: Ending a State
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no / none / nothing / no one の使い分け No, None, Nothing, No One -
not と never(一度の否定と、全期間の否定) Not This Time, or Not Ever -
not は動詞側、no は名詞側 Not Covers the Verb, No Covers the Noun -
部分否定(not all)と全否定(no) Not All Is Not the Same as None
語順・倒置・強調 Word Order & Emphasis
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副詞の定位置(頻度・様態・場所と時) Where Adverbs Sit -
強調の do(I do like it) I Do Like It: The Emphatic Do -
長いものは後ろへ(重心の原則) Heavy Things Go Last -
目的語・補語を前に出す(対比と話題) That I Can't Accept -
否定語を文頭に出すと倒置する Front a Negative, Flip the Verb -
It is X that … の強調構文 It Was Tom Who Did It -
場所句を前に出すと主語と動詞が入れ替わる Here Comes the Bus -
So do I. / Neither do I.(私もそう) So Do I, Neither Do I -
There is 構文(新しいものを舞台に出す) There Is: Introducing Something New -
語順が役割を決める(だから動かせない) Position Is the Grammar