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whom はいつ使う?(ではほぼ使わない) Whom: The Word You Rarely Need

Relative Clauses

からうと、whom はではほぼ使いません。who でります。ただしのすぐろだけはで、to whom / one of whom は言葉です。whom はスーツのような言葉らないけれど、ドレスコードのあるではになります。

Short answer: you can skip whom in conversation. Who covers you. The one place it holds on is right after a preposition — to whom, one of whom — which is standard in writing. Think of whom as a suit. You don't need it most days, but some rooms have a dress code.

普段着の who、の whom

Everyday Who, Formal Whom

そのものはです。そのに he がるなら who、him がるなら whom。I met him. なので the man whom I met。He called me. なので the man who called me。ただしできることと、使うべきかはです。どちらの言葉でも whom はまれ。言葉とフォーマルなっている言葉、とえてください。

The test itself is quick. If he fits the slot, use who; if him fits, use whom. "I met him" gives you "the man whom I met." "He called me" gives you "the man who called me." But passing the test doesn't mean you should say whom out loud. In casual speech, American and British alike, whom is rare. It survives mainly in writing and in formal settings.

実際にはこう How people actually say it

The なぜ the なのか ろのつにまる】 of などがろからしていて、どれかがつにまるから the。 man I met yesterday runs a なぜ a なのか めてつ】 がまだらないものをめてすから a。じものをすときは the にわる。 bakery.

きのうったはパンをやっている。

ではまず。who も whom もてきません。 Speech usually drops the pronoun altogether — no who, no whom.

Who did you give the なぜ the なのか 【そのつにまる】 のいるで、どれをすかつにまるから the。日本語なら「(の)」「うちの」をってむとい。 ticket to める 【give to す】 give はを to でる。に to だけがっているのは、 who になってたため。くなら To whom did you give the ticket? ?

そのチケット、したの?

ろにせば who でります。 Leave the preposition at the end and who is fine. This is the spoken standard.

To whom did you give the なぜ the なのか 【そのつにまる】 のいるで、どれをすかつにまるから the。日本語なら「(の)」「うちの」をってむとい。 ticket?

そのチケットは、どなたにおしになりましたか。

すと whom がります。かなり Move the preposition to the front and whom becomes necessary. Distinctly formal.

のすぐろ(whom がる)

to / for / of / with のでは who は使えません。言葉です。 Right after to, for, of, or with, who isn't an option. This is the written standard.

She has two sons, one of whom lives abroad.

には息子2人いて、うち1人んでいる。

それ(who でりる)

かられていれば、でも who がです。文法は whom をめますし、のような言葉では使われます。ただしでは who がです。 Away from a preposition, who is normal even in the object slot. Strict grammar books still ask for whom, and formal writing such as academic papers and contracts keeps it. In everyday writing, though, who has taken over.

The person who I called never picked up.

した結局出なかった。

よくある Common Mistake

She is the candidate whom we believe is best qualified.

こそだとたちがえるです。(のつもりで)

She is the candidate who we believe is best qualified.

こそだとたちがえるです。

whom を一歩使いすぎた失敗です。ここでのは is best qualified のなので who。we believe はみで、骨組みにはわりません。he/him テストにかけると we believe he is best qualified となり、he なので who です。なことに、このいはこうとするほどきます。

This is whom pushed one step too far. The relative here is the subject of "is best qualified," so it has to be who. "We believe" is just tucked in; it doesn't change the frame. Run the test and you get we believe he is best qualified, so who wins. Ironically, this slip shows up most when someone is trying hard to sound formal.

  • To whom it may concern /ご からない手紙し。 to のなので whom。 The opening for a letter with no name attached. It sits right after to, so whom it is.
  • one of whom そのうちの1人 of の、つまりのあと。言葉 Straight after of, so the preposition rule applies. Very common in writing.
  • all of whom その 。three teachers, all of whom agreed のように使う。 Same pattern: three teachers, all of whom agreed.
  • with whom その一緒 では who ... with の The formal fronted version. Speech prefers who … with instead.

まとめ Summary

  • では whom を使わなくてよい。who かりる。 In speech, skip whom. Who or nothing will do.
  • だけは whom がる(to whom / one of whom)。 Right after a preposition, whom is required: to whom, one of whom.
  • は he/him テスト。him がるなら whom。 Test with he and him. If him fits, it's whom.
  • に whom をれるいがいちばんい。 The most common error is whom sitting in a subject slot.

: 2026-07-25 Last checked: 2026-07-25