with his eyes closed(付帯状況の with)With His Eyes Closed: The With of Circumstance
分詞 / Participles
「〜したまま・〜しながら」の状態描写は with +名詞+分詞: with his eyes closed(目を閉じたまま)、with the engine running(エンジンをかけたまま)。閉じられた状態なら過去分詞、動き続けているなら -ing。人物や場面の細部を一筆で足せる、描写の小道具です。
To sketch an accompanying state — "with X in such-and-such condition" — English uses with + noun + participle: with his eyes closed, with the engine running. A settled state takes the past participle; something still in motion takes -ing. It's the one-stroke detail brush of English description.
一筆で足す背景の状態
One Brushstroke of Background
主文が主役の動作を描き、with 句が背景の状態を添えます: She listened to the music with her eyes closed.(目を閉じたまま音楽を聴いた)。中の分詞は、名詞との関係で選びます——eyes は「閉じられる」側なので closed(過去分詞)、engine は「動いている」ので running(-ing)。ミニ受動態・ミニ進行形が with の中に入っている、と考えると仕組みが見えます。
The main clause paints the action; the with-phrase adds the standing scenery: She listened to the music with her eyes closed. Inside, the participle follows its noun's relationship — eyes get closed (past participle); an engine keeps running (-ing). Think of it as a miniature passive or progressive folded inside the with.
状態の一筆The detail brush at work
Don't talk with your mouth full.
口に物を入れたまましゃべらないの。
分詞でなく形容詞(full)も入る。食卓の世界標準の小言。Adjectives ride too — the world's dinner-table scolding.
He left with theなぜ the なのか【その場で一つに決まる】話し手と聞き手のいる状況で、どれを指すか一つに決まるから the。日本語なら「（例の）」「うちの」を補って読むと感覚が近い。 engine running.
彼はエンジンをかけたまま車を離れた。
動き続ける状態= -ing。Still in motion — -ing.
She stood there with her arms crossed.
彼女は腕を組んだまま立っていた。
組まれた状態=過去分詞。人物描写の定番。A settled posture — past participle. Character sketching's staple.
with + 名詞 + 過去分詞
「〜された・閉じた」状態のまま。The done-to, settled state.
He waited outside with the door locked.
彼はドアに鍵をかけたまま外で待った。
with + 名詞 + -ing
動き続けている状態のまま。The still-in-motion state.
It's hard to work with the TV blaring.
テレビがガンガン鳴っていると仕事にならない。
よくある間違い / Common Mistake
×He was listening with closing his eyes.
彼は目を閉じながら聴いていた。(のつもりで)
○He was listening with his eyes closed.
彼は目を閉じたまま聴いていた。
with closing のように「with +動名詞」を直結する形は、この意味では使えません。付帯状況の with は「with +名詞+状態」の3点セット——まず名詞(his eyes)を置き、その状態(closed)を続けます。「〜しながら」の直訳で with -ing としたくなったら、名詞を先に、が合図です。
With + gerund glued straight on (with closing) doesn't carry this meaning. The circumstance with is a three-part set: with + noun + its state — the noun (his eyes) first, then its condition (closed). When "while doing" tempts you toward with -ing, that's the cue: noun first.
with your mouth full口に物を入れたまま食卓のしつけの世界標準。with +名詞+形容詞の代表。The universal table manners line — with + noun + adjective at its most famous.
with my hands full手がふさがって・手一杯で文字どおりにも「忙しさ」の比喩にも。I've got my hands full.Literal hands, or the busyness metaphor: I've got my hands full.
with arms crossed腕組みのまま不満・警戒のボディランゲージ描写の定番。The body-language shorthand for skepticism.
with that in mindそれを踏まえて「それを頭に置いたまま」=議論をつなぐビジネス定番。"Keeping that in your head" — the business-transition staple.
まとめ / Summary
付帯状況= with +名詞+分詞(または形容詞)。Circumstance: with + noun + participle (or adjective).
閉じた状態は過去分詞、動き続けは -ing。Settled states take the past participle; motion takes -ing.
名詞を先に置く(× with closing his eyes)。Noun first — never "with closing his eyes."
with my hands full / with that in mind を持ち歌に。Own with my hands full and with that in mind.