副詞は動かせる層ですが、種類ごとに定位置があります。頻度の副詞(always / often / never)は一般動詞の前、be の後、助動詞の後。様態の副詞(quickly / carefully)は文末が基本。場所と時が並ぶときは「場所→時」の順です。I went to the office yesterday. であって、yesterday が先には来ません。
Adverbs are the movable layer, but each type has a home slot. Frequency adverbs like always, often, and never go before an ordinary verb, after be, and after an auxiliary. Manner adverbs like quickly and carefully default to the end. When place and time appear together, place comes first: "I went to the office yesterday," not the other way round.
種類ごとに座る場所が決まっている
Each Type Has Its Seat
覚える単位は3つで足ります。頻度の副詞は動詞のすぐそば、様態の副詞は文末、場所と時は文末で「場所→時」。これに文全体を評価する副詞(fortunately / obviously)を足すと、こちらは文頭が定位置です。どの型でも共通するのは、動詞と目的語の間には座らないという点。例外は下の callout で扱う only / just / even で、これらは覆いたい語の直前に付くので、I saw only him. のようにその位置にも入ります。
Three units cover most of it. Frequency adverbs sit next to the verb, manner adverbs go at the end, and place and time both go at the end in that order. Add sentence adverbs like fortunately and obviously, which take the front. What these types share is that none of them sits between the verb and its object. The exception is the focus adverbs treated in the callout below: only, just, and even attach to whatever they cover, so they do turn up in that gap, as in "I saw only him."
3つの定位置Three home slots
She always checks her email before lunch.
彼女は昼前に必ずメールを確認する。
頻度の副詞は一般動詞の前。be の後なら She is always late.Frequency goes before an ordinary verb. After be, it's "She is always late."
He explained theなぜ the なのか【その場で一つに決まる】話し手と聞き手のいる状況で、どれを指すか一つに決まるから the。日本語なら「（例の）」「うちの」を補って読むと感覚が近い。 change carefully.
彼はその変更を丁寧に説明した。
様態の副詞は文末が基本。目的語の後ろに置く。Manner defaults to the end, landing after the object.
We arrivedat動詞が決める【arrive at/in ＝ 〜に着く】arrive to ✗ が定番の誤り。arrive は地点なら at、広い場所（都市・国）なら in。get なら get to、reach なら前置詞なしで reach the airport——3語で全部違う。theなぜ the なのか【決まった場所・乗り物】the station / the bus のように、話し手と聞き手の生活で「あの一つ」に決まる施設や便を指す。 airport late last night.
私たちはゆうべ遅くに空港に着いた。
場所(at the airport)→時(late last night)の順。Place first, at the airport, then time, late last night.
頻度の副詞(動詞のそば)
一般動詞の前、be の後、助動詞の後。この3つで足りる。Before an ordinary verb, after be, after an auxiliary. Those three cover it.
I have never been to Kyoto.
京都には行ったことがない。
文修飾の副詞(文頭)
文全体への評価やコメント。コンマで区切る。Comments on the whole sentence, set off with a comma.
Fortunately, no one was hurt.
幸い、けが人はいなかった。
よくある間違い / Common Mistake
×I went yesterday to the client's office.
きのう取引先の事務所に行った。(のつもりで)
○I went to the client's office yesterday.
きのう取引先の事務所に行った。
時が場所より前に出てしまった形です。英語は「場所→時」の順で並べます。日本語では「きのう、事務所に行った」と時を先に言うことが多いため、その順のまま英語に移すと逆になります。強調のために時を文頭へ出すことはできます。Yesterday I went to the client's office. は自然です。避けたいのは、場所と時のあいだに割り込ませる形です。
Time has jumped ahead of place. English lines them up as place then time. If your instinct is to state the time first, carrying that order across produces this reversal. You can front the time for emphasis, and "Yesterday I went to the client's office" is perfectly natural. What to avoid is dropping the time in between the verb and the place.
... as well〜も文末専用。too とほぼ同義だが、文中には入れない。End position only. Close to too, but it never sits mid-sentence.
... either〜も(否定文)否定文の文末で too の代わりをする。肯定文には使わない。Stands in for too at the end of a negative. Not used in positives.
hardly everめったに〜ない頻度の副詞と同じ位置に入る。動詞の前、be の後。Takes the frequency slot: before the verb, after be.
more or lessだいたい／おおむね程度をぼかす副詞句。動詞の前か文末に置く。A hedging phrase for degree, sitting before the verb or at the end.
まとめ / Summary
頻度は動詞の前・be の後・助動詞の後。Frequency: before the verb, after be, after an auxiliary.
様態は文末が基本。場所と時は「場所→時」。Manner goes last. Place and time go last too, place first.
文全体を評価する副詞は文頭。Adverbs commenting on the whole sentence take the front.
only / just / even は覆いたい語のすぐ前に置く。Put only, just, and even immediately before what they cover.