up と down(方向から、完了と鎮静へ)Up Finishes It, Down Settles It
前置詞 / Prepositions
up と down は上下の方向を表しますが、動詞と組むと別の顔が出ます。up は「最後までやりきる」、down は「静まる・記録する」。eat up は残さず食べること、calm down は気持ちが静まること、write down は紙という下の面へ降ろすこと。方向の絵が、そのまま比喩に伸びています。
Up and down mark direction, but paired with a verb they take on another role. Up means carrying something through to the end; down means settling, or setting something down on a surface. Eat up is finishing the plate, calm down is emotion subsiding, and write down puts words onto the page. The directional picture stretches straight into the figurative one.
上まで行けば、終わり
All the Way Up Means Done
up が完了を表すのは、上限まで達したという絵からです。コップに水を注いで縁まで来たら、それ以上は入りません。eat up / use up / fill up / clean up は、どれも「もう残っていない」ところまで行くこと。down はその逆で、下がって落ち着く方向。気持ちも、速度も、音量も、下がれば静まります。write down だけは少し違って、紙という面へ降ろす動きです。
Up marks completion because of the picture of reaching the top. Fill a glass to the rim and there's no room left. Eat up, use up, fill up, and clean up all mean going as far as there is to go. Down runs the other way, toward settling: feelings, speed, and volume all quieten as they come down. Write down is slightly different — it's the motion of setting words onto the surface of the page.
方向から比喩へFrom direction to figure
Finish up your soup before it gets cold.
冷めないうちにスープを飲みきって。
完了の up。残さず、というところまで行く。Completion up: go all the way, leaving nothing.
Calm down and tell me what happened.
落ち着いて、何があったか話して。
鎮静の down。高ぶりが下がる絵。Settling down: agitation coming back to earth.
Let me write your number down.
番号を控えさせてください。
記録の down。紙という面へ降ろす動き。Recording down: setting it onto the surface of the page.
up(最後までやりきる)
上限まで到達する。残りをなくす方向。Reaching the limit, leaving nothing behind.
We used up all the printer paper.
コピー用紙を使い切ってしまった。
down(静まる・降ろす)
勢いが下がる、または面へ降ろす。Intensity dropping, or something set onto a surface.
Could you turn the music down?
音楽の音量を下げてもらえますか。
よくある間違い / Common Mistake
×I wrote up his number on a napkin.
彼の番号をナプキンに書き留めた。(のつもりで)
○I wrote down his number on a napkin.
彼の番号をナプキンに書き留めた。
down は「面へ降ろす」なので、書き留めるは write down。write up は完了の up で「まとめ上げる」です(write up a report =報告書を仕上げる)。同じ動詞でも方向詞が変われば別の動詞——up の「完了」と down の「記録」という2つの系統が、write の上で交差しています。なお目的語をどこに置くか(look it up と look up the word)は「句動詞の語順」の項が正本です。
Down sets words onto the page, so noting something is write down. Write up is the completion up: writing something into finished form, as in write up a report. Same verb, different particle, different verb — the completion line of up and the recording line of down cross right on top of write. Where the object goes (look it up, look up the word) has its own entry on phrasal-verb word order.
eat up / use up食べきる／使い切る完了の up。残りがなくなるところまで行く。Completion up: going until nothing is left.
calm down / slow down落ち着く／速度を落とす鎮静の down。勢いが下がる方向。Settling down: intensity coming back to earth.
write down / note down書き留める記録の down。紙という面へ降ろす動き。Recording down: onto the surface of the page.
come up to ...〜に近寄る接近の up。上下ではなく距離が縮まる動き。Approach up: distance closing, with nothing vertical about it.
まとめ / Summary
up は上限まで、つまり完了を表す。Up reaches the limit, which is to say completion.
down は静まる方向、または面へ降ろす動き。Down settles things, or sets them onto a surface.
write down =書き留める、write up =仕上げる。方向詞が動詞を分ける。Write down records; write up completes. The particle makes the verb.
目的語の位置(look it up)は「句動詞の語順」の項が正本。Where the object goes (look it up) lives in the phrasal-verb word-order entry.